EUTopia CoLeCo Legal History: Collective and Individual Rights in Legal History

1. Introduction 1.1. Context: Abortion, Feminism, and the Belgian Constitution of 1831 Belgium adopted one of the most liberal constitutions of its time in 1831, which subsequently served as a model for many other nations. The Belgian Constitution of 1831 forms the foundation of the democratic legal order in Belgium. It guarantees, among others, the freedom of expression (Art. 19), the freedom of association (Art. 27), and the right to peaceful assembly (Art. 26). These constitutional rights are not only fundamental guarantees but have historically functioned as crucial instruments for social change. One of the most compelling examples is the feminist movement in Belgium, which made full use of these rights. During the second half of the twentieth century, Belgian feminism evolved into a powerful societal force, focusing, among other issues, on the legalisation of abortion. This struggle was not solely about reproductive rights but also centred on bodily autonomy, gender equality, an...

This contribution examines animal rights in 19th-century France, beginning with the period of the Second Republic (1848–1850) and the enactment of the Grammont Act ( Loi Grammont , 2 July 1850). Local traditions in southern France, notably bullfighting ( corrida ); resisted central legislative and regulatory initiatives - particularly under the Third Republic. This tension became more pronounced from 1885 onwards, when mayors were elected rather than appointed, enabling them to issue regulations that more directly reflected the preferences of their constituents. By Lisa Gouellain    ( For the best experience, press ‘ F11 ’ to enter full-screen mode, and click on the images to view them in a larger format. )

Persecution in Belgium. (1857).  Punch, Or The London Charivari , 235, Europeana.eu.  Introduction  The Charity bill, through Belgian eyes it is a subject that is fairly easy to understand. Explaining the concept to international students, however, is a much more difficult task. After all, it is not an isolated event, but something that can only be understood by looking at the complex political history and the struggles between the different movements. Belgium is simply not the most unequivocal country politically speaking. We saw this more recently (2010-2011) when Belgium broke the world record for being without a government for the longest time.  The video above offers a starting point for understanding how history has shaped the image of the Church in Belgium. It also briefly introduces the Charity Bill itself and, of course, the pros and cons. However, there are certain important questions that remain. What events in Belgium led to the proposal of the charity law and...

  (image: Fords Hospital - Alms house of old ladies of Coventry) 14 posts have been released as part of this year's EUTopia Connected Learning Community Legal History's virtual exhibition.  Students from Ljubljana, CY Cergy Paris, Warwick and Brussels worked around the common theme " Collective and Individual Rights in Legal History" .  Ajra Šišernik on the University of Graz as a Slovene Cultural Centre ( here ) Améline Verhelst on female suffrage in 19th and 20th century Belgium and "male allies" of women ( here ) Ash Fowkes-Gajan on Venetian Social Rights through Patronage ( here ) August Vanschoubroek on Collective Action and the Struggle for Universal Suffrage in Belgium ( here ) Benjamin on Marenče The development of the Carniola Bar Association ( here ) Domen Bogdan on the Sokol association in Ljutomer ( here ) Emma Cornette on Children's Rights in 19th Century France ( here ) Ferdaousse Abdeljelil and Aude Froese on the Anzin Miners' Strike (...

Introduction  To continue this journey through legal history with a truly legal topic, this study shall concern itself with the development of the Carniola Bar Association. From it’s humble beginnings in the middle of the 19th century, it quickly became a major force in Carniolan public life, fighting for the rights of its members, the legal profession and even the Slovene nation itself.   A brief history of the attorney’s profession in the Habsburg monarchy  From time immemorial, if one wanted to become an attorney, he had to be appointed by the state. This fact was painfully felt by Slovenia’s most celebrated poet and jurist, Dr. France Prešeren, who was denied the appointment five times, before finally having his request approved in 1846.   This all changed in 1868 with the passing of a new law called Advocatenordnung , or Advokatski red . In stark contrast to established practice, it prescribed criteria, which anyone could fulfil and become a registered...