VUB CASE: From Neutral Constraint to Sovereign Control: Belgium's Immigration Policy Transformation (1839–1940)
1. Belgium's Awkward Origin Story: Neutrality as Identity To understand Belgium's immigration policy, one must begin not with migration law but with geopolitics, with Belgium's rather awkward birth. It all started when the Belgians got sick of the Dutch and wanted independence. Its independence came at a price: permanent neutrality, imposed by the Big 5 of that time: Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, and Russia . This was formalised in the Treaty of London of 1839 , Article 7: "Belgium shall form an independent and perpetually neutral State." In short: little Belgium should mind its little business and stay out of any conflicts, conformably to neutrality's main obligations: abstention and impartiality . Now, being forced into neutrality by five larger countries is not exactly the most heroic origin story. But that neutrality ended up shaping Belgium’s political culture, its foreign policy, and eventually its treatment of foreigners. In practice, your nationa...