EUTopia CoLeCo Legal History: Collective and Individual Rights in Legal History

  Moroccan immigration to France is a phenomenon that began in the 1950s and 1960s, when many Moroccan workers were invited to come to France to help rebuild the country after World War II. Over the decades, the number of Moroccans living in France has continued to grow, and today, Moroccan immigrants form the second largest immigrant community France.  Moroccan immigrants to France generally come from Morocco in search of better economic opportunities and quality of life. Many are skilled workers and are involved in sectors such as construction, agriculture, health and services. More than 5 million Moroccans living abroad Four fifths of the world's Moroccans live in Europe, mainly in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. Although Moroccan emigration abroad really took off just after the country's independence in 1956, it has undergone significant changes over time. The differences in the nature and extent of Moroccan migration make it one of the most interesting of the

  Introduction The Portuguese, as many other immigrants who came to the United States in the late 19 th  century and early 20 th  centuries, had a turbulent and challenging life upon their arrival. In fact, as we have already shown in our paper at the Peak Event, the Portuguese immigrants were subject to racialization in their own way during the 19 th  and 20 th  centuries, being described as unskilled, ignorant, stupid, and illiterate [1] , and portrayed as a mixture of ‘Jews, Moors, Negro slaves, English and Italian’ [2] . However, the way this racialization was translated to the legal system of the United States is not at all linear; indeed, the truth is that many of those who were stuck in the ambiguous middle of the black-white colour spectrum resorted to certain identities in order to claim whiteness or, at the very least, a ‘non-black’ identity. It is in this framework that the ‘Portuguese origin’ was used in courts as a legal argument to disprove the accusations of ‘blackness’.

Surrogacy is a complex and controversial topic that has gained popularity and visibility due to phenomenal scientific advances, greater acceptance (and lack thereof) of LGBTQI+ rights across nations, and in its presentation as a possible medical solution to the global fertility decline that has been experienced in the last five decades. Thousands of families have been created through surrogacy throughout the years, but the journey towards surrogacy is incredibly challenging, especially due to the financialisation of the process and the legal and moral dilemmas that it creates in the question of the commodification of reproductive organs. Using a definition by historical sociologist Greta Krippner, she defines financialisation as “a pattern of accumulation in which profit making occurs increasingly through financial channels”. Her definition is significant for the discussion global justice within the context of transnational commercial surrogacy market because it helps to establish th

  The Experience of Chilean Refugees Following the 1973 Coup The aim of this research was to examine the experience of three different groups of refugees: those who fled to the UK, women, and academics. I carried out this research using documents held at the Modern Records Centre of the University of Warwick. I would encourage anyone interested in this topic to look beyond the examples I have included to the repository at the university. https://warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/ Firstly, it is necessary to give a brief overview of what the 1973 Coup was. A military coup overthrew the democratically elected Socialist government of Salvador Allende on the 11th of September 1973. A military junta, then a dictatorship under August Pinochet was established. It has been estimated that up to 200,000 Chileans fled the country. Pinochet remained in power until 1990 at the head of a repressive government.  There was a significant response in the UK following the 1973 Coup. One of the main coor

by Ash Fowkes- Gajan and Mayukha Rodrigo   Play Ash and Mayukha's podcast here:   Elisabeth Bruyère · EUTopia Podcast   Bibliography :   Grace Aneiza Ali, Chapter 4 ‘The Geography of Separation’ and ‘Postface: A Brief History of Migration from Guyana’, in Liminal Spaces: Migration and Women of the Guyanese Diaspora, pp. 69-82 and pp. 203-204. Roberta Bivins,“The people have no more love left for the Commonwealth”: Media, Migration and Identity in the 1961-62 British Smallpox Outbreak", Immigrants and Minorities, 25 (November 2008), pp. 263-289. Kennetta Perry, "Undoing the Work of the Windrush Narrative", History Workshop Online (2018). Linda McDowell, "How Caribbean migrants helped to rebuild Britain", The British Library (4 th  October 2018). Charlotte Williams, ‘A very ‘British’ welfare state? ‘Race’ and racism’ in Changing Directions of the British Welfare State, pp. 141-159.                       Fiction, Music and TV •Andrea Levy, Small Island (

After the  fin de siecle  and the breakup of Austria-Hungary, Slovene ethnic territory was going through tremendous changes. Some sought a better future by travelling to the promised land across the Atlantic with steamship lines, hoping that immigration quotas would still permit them to enter the United States. Some Slovenes and Jews were facing the persecution under the Italian fascist regime or the germanisation pressure from the Austrian authorities and had to seek refuge (as well as labour) in the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where they were welcomed by a slight cultural shock, or had to travel to the United States or even Palestine. But not all of them left - some South Slavs were lucky enough to hold on to their identities and survive the pressure from the Italian fascists and participate as highly qualified musicians in a newly founded philharmonic orchestra after the Second World War, which was a unique form of labour.  Throughout our endeavours we have f